Legal Procedures in Forensic Science

Criminology is the study of crime, as evidenced by the Latin formative terms crimin (accusation or guilt) and -ology (study of). As an intellectual field, criminology includes contributions from several academic disciplines, including psychology, biology, anthropology, law, and especially sociology [2]. Although the defining principles of criminology are rooted in these various fields, contemporary criminology is increasingly closely linked to other professional sciences and fields such as geography, social work and public health. Forensics involves the application of knowledge and technology from various scientific disciplines in law. These are, for example, biology, pharmacy, chemistry, medicine, etc., and each of them applies in today`s increasingly complex judicial proceedings, where the necessary knowledge and skills of experts in these fields are needed to prove criminal offences. For the purposes of this article, we will stick to biology or forensic biology, which is the most important branch of DNA analysis. Forensic biology deals with serological analysis and DNA of physiological fluids in the human body to identify and individualize humans, animals and microorganisms. It should be added that the use of certain procedures dates back to the early history of medicine, but is still used today. These are, for example, methods in which the examination of the body (depending on its conditions) can determine the sex, race, age of the person, tooth analysis or determination of blood group tests and the presence of specific antibodies in the body. The department has established a working group of local and state forensic pathologists and a small number of researchers who will lead coordination and collaboration. The National Institute of Justice (NIJ), in collaboration with the Forensic Technology Center of Excellence, has established the Forensic Laboratory Needs – Technology Working Group (FLN-TWG) at RTI International. The TWG-FLN will support NIJ`s mission to improve knowledge and understanding of the forensic technology needs of forensic scientists and criminal laboratories at the federal, state, local and tribal levels. In establishing the TWG-FLN, the ministry relied on input from forensic science stakeholders to develop a means to ensure that the forensic needs of states, local communities and tribes are considered in the ministry`s decision-making.

Medicine includes the science of the structure, function and development of man, all phenomena and events of the interior and environment of man that affect health and disease, lesions in man, and then the study of drugs and their effects, as well as the art of recognizing, evaluating, relieving or curing diseases, social rehabilitation of patients, prevention of diseases, improvement of living conditions and improvement of physiological processes and biological evolution of man; It is also the professional implementation of these skills individually and socially. The development of medicine throughout history has formed the special branches that make up modern medicine today. They have been used to create profiles of experts and profiles whose work has made a significant contribution to medical practice, but also to medicine as a scientific discipline. Thanks to their academic and professional achievements, medicine can now provide answers to questions that were previously unimaginable. The average salary of a forensic pathologist is estimated to be between $40,000 and $100,000 per year. «If the law has made you a witness, remain a man of science. You have no victim to avenge, no guilty or innocent to condemn or save – you must testify within the limits of science. The application of intelligence to computerized forensic investigations involves a number of elements at different stages of the investigation lifecycle – the collection of digital evidence, the preservation of digital evidence (integrity and continuity of evidence), the analysis of digital evidence, and the presentation of that evidence. At each of these stages, the skills and knowledge of the forensic information scientist are essential to the success of any investigation. However, it is hoped that the application of artificial intelligence to digital forensic investigations will provide investigators with a useful set of tools to address issues of complexity and, more importantly, resolve issues related to the timeliness and volume (volume of data reviewed, rather than the backlog of cases, which is a separate issue) of digital investigative cases. identifying the most relevant areas of investigation and excluding areas where outcomes are less likely.

This approach has been used to some extent through the application of hashing algorithms to eliminate dormant files and «static» system files from digital surveys. This website contains useful information for the forensic community, as well as for stakeholders in the criminal justice system interested in forensic science. The history and role of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as the material that carries the genetic model of all biological organisms has been known since research published by Crick and Watson in 1953. However, the basis for its use in forensic science is much more recent, starting only 5 years before the Pitchfork case. Subsequent research showed that genes occupied only a very small portion of all the material in a DNA molecule, and in 1980, Dr. Ray White and colleagues at the University of Utah discovered that parts of non-coding DNA were highly variable between individuals. White, a geneticist, suggested that these regions could be used in ancestry testing. Dr. Jeffreys went even further and showed how variability can be used to type blood and bodily fluids in criminal cases.